In 2024, many GS authors make outstanding contributions to our journal. Their articles published with us have received very well feedback in the field and stimulate a lot of discussions and new insights among the peers.
Hereby, we would like to highlight some of our outstanding authors who have been making immense efforts in their research fields, with a brief interview of their unique perspective and insightful view as authors.
Outstanding Authors (2024)
Brendan C. Stack Jr, Southern Illinois University, USA
Mateusz Jagielski, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland
Lucas Ribeiro Tenório, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Science, Brazil
Shivanchan Rajmohan, Frimley Park Hospital, UK
Marta Araujo-Castro, The Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Spain
Marco Bernini, The University of Modena Teaching Hospital, Italy
Young Jun Chai, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Korea
Saad M. Alqahtani, Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia
Wahida Chakari, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
Kapil Rugnath, King Edward VIII Hospital, South Africa
Ehab S. Alameer, The Faculty of Medicine, Saudi Arabia
Isobel Yeap, The University of Sydney, Australia
Khoo Kah Seng, University of Malaya, Malaysia
Gudjon Leifur Gunnarsson, Arendal Hospital Trust, Norway
Wonshik Han, Seoul National University, South Korea
Adam Ofri, Mater Hospital, Australia
Claudio Angrigiani, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Outstanding Author
Brendan C. Stack Jr
Dr. Brendan C. Stack, Jr., M.D., FACS, FACE, is the former Professor and Inaugural Chairman of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at the Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL. He was editor of Medical and Surgical Treatment of Parathyroid Diseases - An evidence-based approach, 2016, Neck Dissection, 2018, and Matrix Head and Neck Reconstruction: A defect based and scalable atlas for the management of oncologic and traumatic defects, 2023. He has presented at over 350 meetings regionally, nationally, and internationally. He collaborated on grants from the NIH, NSF and other organizations. Dr. Stack has appeared on or been cited by local and national media numerous times. He served on the editorial boards of several journals. He has served on review panels for the National Institutes of Health and review agencies for several nations. He is listed in “Best Doctors” of America, “Guide to America’s Top Surgeons”, “Guide to America’s Top Physicians”, Castle and Connolly Top Doctors and Cancer Specialists, and “Top Thyroid Doctors”. Connect with Dr. Stack on LinkedIn and Facebook.
In Dr. Stack’s view, an excellent research paper is hypothesis-driven. In this era of data science, artificial intelligence (AI), etc., he believes we must resist the temptation to do database “trawling” but start with a hypothesis from a clinical observation, etc., and proceed forward. Hypothesis-driven research is efficient and will eliminate the “noise” that increasingly present in contemporary peer-reviewed research. Clarity of hypothesis and methods, transparency in graphical presentation of data, and appropriate and relevant conclusions of clinical and/or scientific relevance are keys to quality scholarly work.
Dr. Stack indicates that honesty and integrity are two key things in constructing an academic paper. He explains, “These seem obvious but should never be taken for granted. We are observing an increased frequency of lapses in these areas requiring corrections. Many scientific errors go unrecognized and remain buried in the literature to fade into oblivion or possibly adversely affect meta-analyses and AI. Honesty and Integrity should be the loadstars of a scholarly career.”
Data sharing has been prevalent in scientific writing in recent years and, to Dr. Stack, has been a great advance in transparency. It allows for repetition of experiments and/or analysis, which is a key component of the scientific method. He points out that the next advance in this area will be centralization and uniformity in reporting data and peer review of shared data collection and its distribution to investigators.
(by Brad Li, Alisa Lu)
Mateusz Jagielski
Mateusz Jagielski, MD, PhD, is a Professor of Medicine, specialist in general surgery, and interventional gastroenterological endoscopist. He is the Professor at Department of General, Gastroenterological and Oncological Surgery, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland. He is an expert in advanced gastrointestinal endoscopy, particularly endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), as well as interventional endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). He specializes in minimally invasive treatment of consequences and complications of pancreatitis, especially of pancreatic and peripancreatic fluid collections. His area of interest also covers use of endoscopic techniques of surgical complications and cancers of gastrointestinal tract, especially colorectal cancer. He is a member of many scientific medical societies and the author of numerous publications in internationally renowned medical journals. During his medical career, he was repeatedly awarded by many scientific societies for his various papers. Connect with Dr. Jagielski on LinkedIn and learn more about his work on ResearchGate and MedTube.
To Dr. Jagielski, as a practicing surgeon, the main problem he encounters in academic writing is the lack of time to write. He adds, “I go back to my studies, and when I have more time, I would dedicate to academic writing. When academic writing is a passion, there is no obstacle one cannot overcome. This is very true in my case.”
In Dr. Jagielski’s view, the basis of every success is teamwork. Every stage of a study should be discussed by all team members. Selection of appropriate evidence for synthesis and analysis, therefore, lays in competence of biostatistician, who should be a member of every research team. As a leader of the research team, he believes it is his duty to develop a research concept and to conduct it. In medical science, where a human being is a study object, especially in surgery, conducting of the research (performing operation) is crucial for the success.
Lastly, Dr. Jagielski emphasizes that disclosing Conflict of Interest (COI) is pivotal for the credibility of medical studies. COI may often influence the results of the study. In a perfect world, every author of a medical publication should not have any COI.
(by Brad Li, Alisa Lu)
Lucas Ribeiro Tenório
Dr. Lucas Ribeiro Tenório, MD, MS, is a thirty-five-year-old Brazilian Head and Neck Surgeon and an assistant at Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Science. He holds a Master's degree in surgery and is currently pursuing a PhD in the Health Sciences program at Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Science. Following the completion of his medical residency program, he spent three months at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, under the mentorship of Dr. Ralph Tuffano and Dr. Jonathon Russell, where he developed an interest in Transoral Neck Surgery. He has conducted research on various topics in Head and Neck Surgery, including Tracheostomy, quality of life, and Larynx cancer. His current research focuses on minimally invasive surgery, specifically Transoral Neck Surgery, including TOETVA, TOEPVA, TEVAS, and robotic head and neck surgery. Connect with Dr. Tenório on X and Instagram.
Dr. Tenório thinks a good academic paper should have the following features: 1) a robust although concise introduction; 2) a very well-defined objective; 3) a clear methodology, which has to be followed step by step. The reader has to understand what the authors did during the research and 4) an inclusive discussion. To discuss the literature and the article findings, the authors should do a good literature review, including the most important publications regarding the same theme. He points out that it is important to open the mind to read publications not only from the great centers.
In Dr. Tenório’s view, during the preparation of a paper, authors should follow a methodology to construct the article. He recommends using the PECOT strategy for research question formulation (P – Population | E – Exposure | C – Comparator | O – Outcome | T – Time).
“I chose to publish in GS due to the general quality of the Journal. I have been reading high-quality publications in GS. GS presents an open access publication process which gives more reach to our article,” says Dr. Tenório.
(by Brad Li, Alisa Lu)
Shivanchan Rajmohan
Dr. Shivanchan Rajmohan graduated from Imperial College London with triple distinction and holds a first-class honors degree in Pharmacology. He is a surgical trainee in the UK, a member of the Royal College of Surgeons (England), and an associate fellow of the Higher Education Academy. His interests not only lie within Head and Neck Otolaryngology but also in promoting transparency in reporting of surgical research, and he was part of the team that developed the SCARE and PROCESS guidelines, winning the Harold Ellis Prize.
In Dr. Rajmohan’s opinion, a good author will demonstrate consistency in their research quality. This is achieved through clinically meaningful research, which has the potential to introduce novel concepts and techniques but also challenge existing standards with the aim of optimizing patient care. He thinks honesty, intellectual curiosity, integrity, and effective expression underpin a credible author.
Dr. Rajmohan alerts that bias can enter research at various stages – during the initial planning stages, data collection, and analysis/publication. The most important step in avoiding bias is recognizing the sources of bias and where it can enter the research process. Once this has been appreciated, steps to mitigate such bias should be implemented to maximize the internal validity of a study. Devising and publishing protocols for projects is helpful in planning and will enable authors to identify possible sources of bias.
“As a clinician who frequently utilizes evidence-based medicine to inform my clinical practice, I believe it is important to contribute to the scientific literature in some way. Rarer pathologies with scarce literature rely upon clinicians sharing their experiences to improve knowledge of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Personally, conducting research that may enhance the care of my patients really motivates me. Working as a team enables the workload to be distributed and is an excellent way to develop new connections with colleagues who share the same enthusiasm,” says Dr. Rajmohan.
(by Brad Li, Alisa Lu)
Marta Araujo-Castro
Marta Araujo-Castro, MD, PhD, is the coordinator of the Neuroendocrinology & Adrenal Unit of the Endocrinology and Nutrition Department of the Ramón y Cajal University Hospital in Madrid, Spain. Her clinical focus and research is on pituitary and adrenal gland disorders and neuroendocrine tumors. She is the principal investigator and coordinator of the SPAIN-ALDO Register of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology & Nutrition (SEEN) and of the PHEO-PARA-RISK Study of the SEEN. Dr. Araujo-Castro is the coordinator of the adrenal diseases group of the SEEN, a member of the scientific board of the working group of Aldosterone Producing Adenomas (APA) of ENSAT and the principal investigator of the group of Endocrine-Metabolic, Digestive and Nutrition Surgery of the Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS). In addition, she is a member of the SEEN, the European Society of Endocrinology (ESE), the Endocrine Society, the Spanish Group of Neuroendocrine Tumors (GETNE), the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors (ENSAT) and the European Society of Hypertension (ESH). She actively participates in several national and international congresses with presentations related to adrenal and pituitary pathology. Moreover, Dr. Araujo-Castro is a professor of the master’s degree in Endocrine Oncology Pathology at TECH University; she holds the title of master’s degree in research Methodology in Health Sciences of the Laboratory of Applied Statistics of the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB) (Spain) and the Diploma in Statistics in Health Sciences of the UAB. A list of her research can be found here.
In Dr. Araujo-Castro’s view, authors need academic writing to promote their careers and to give visibility to their research projects. Besides, researchers can continue advancing in the knowledge of the different pathologies and offer better care to their patients through academic writing. She thinks that one of the most important qualities an author should possess is to be careful and patient with studies, analyze data very carefully and be critical of one’s results.
“It is true that sparing time for academic writing is a difficult task since being a scientist and a doctor at the same time requires a long time. However, I think that if you enjoy your job and try to find time to do both things, you can achieve it. The most important thing is to have a correct organization and be able to separate job and personal life since both are very important,” Dr. Araujo-Castro says.
(by Sasa Zhu, Brad Li)
Marco Bernini
Prof. Marco Bernini is a General Surgery Associate Professor, currently working at the University of Modena Teaching Hospital, Italy, as a Breast Surgeon within the Breast Unit. He published 61 indexed articles and 4 book chapters. He won three international awards for articles and congress contributions. His current H-Index is 23. He has been involved in the research area of breast cancer, both for oncological issues and innovative materials and techniques for breast reconstruction. Moreover, he has been participating in several translational projects in cancer biology and is currently working on a project for an innovative technology in breast cancer cell detection. He has recently participated in a cutting-edge surgical project (“Suture In Space”) for the study of tissue healing in micro-gravity conditions, led by ESA and developed at NASA headquarters in Cape Canaveral, using Space-X carrier for the in-orbit part of the project. Connect with him on Instagram.
In Prof. Bernini’s view, academic writing is a core element of any scientific field. He points out that publishing and spreading the knowledge achieved in every science is neither a mere communication tool, nor a newsroom exercise, and nor even a show-off behavior. It is an essential way of pursuing scientific research. Any researcher knows the importance of sharing thoughts, opinions and results. Every single result achieved by a researcher will be the step on which to build the stairs for other researchers and future achievements and discoveries. Therefore, sharing the research results and opinion is of utmost importance for the scientific community.
Prof. Bernini highlights scientific journals and online scientific platforms are a way of updating researchers nowadays. Congresses and face-to-face learning still retain their appeal and importance but cannot keep up with a world that is faster and faster. Science in particular is kind of skyrocketing in the way of achieving always new developments. Scientists need ways of absorbing new data and information that can have a rapid and up-to-date turnover.
“Academic writing is absolutely challenging in this rapidly evolving era, because while you are keeping up with new advances, your results must be updated consequently, along with your sources and references. Moreover, in an era of easy media exposure and communication, the slow process of peer-review publishing with its rigorous criteria seems to be out of time and even annoying. But scientific literature has its own peculiarity and, even if we could adapt it to a modern world, it must preserve the severity of a rigorous process to keep credibility. And I think that is especially in this perspective and because of such a severity that a scientist find the motivation for one’s efforts, as a moral duty towards the science itself and as a reward for personal self-esteem,” Dr. Prof says.
(by Sasa Zhu, Brad Li)
Young Jun Chai
Young Jun Chai, MD, Ph.D, has been a Professor of Surgery at Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center since 2013. He was educated and trained at Seoul National University. Prof. Chai’s major professional interest is endocrine surgery of the thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands; he is academically interested in applying new technologies such as artificial intelligence and augmented reality into real practice. He has published more than 140 SCI(E) papers and three textbooks. He is currently the Director of Academic Committee of the Korea Intraoperative Neural Monitoring Society (KINMoS) and the Director of External Affairs of the Korean Association of Endocrine Society (KAES). He also serves on the Editorial Board of Annals of Thyroid. Connect with him on LinkedIn.
GS: What do you regard as a good academic paper?
Prof. Chai: In academic papers, there are basic research, translational research, and clinical research, and I am interested in all these areas. However, as a surgeon, the part that interests me the most is clinical research. Especially during surgeries or while seeing patients, there are many aspects that are not explained in books or papers, and I enjoy researching these points of curiosity. I consider a good academic paper to be one that presents research findings that can be helpful in actual medical practice.
GS: What are the most commonly encountered difficulties in academic writing?
Prof. Chai: Academic writing can be broadly divided into two stages: the first stage involves idea generation and research design, while the second stage is the actual writing. The challenge in the first stage is to design research in a way that is both scientific and practically feasible, addressing questions that other researchers are curious about. If one strives for a statistically perfect design, it may require an excessively large sample size or result in high costs. Thus, a design that balances perfection and practicality is necessary. The difficulty in the second, practical writing stage lies not so much in writing the core content of the methods and results but rather in crafting an introduction that effectively sets up the story and a discussion that addresses the impact and debates surrounding the research. Many researchers find it challenging to write the introduction and discussion; reading extensively from other papers and books and practicing logical writing can help. In particular, learning about the logical structure necessary to complete a piece of writing is an essential part of the training.
GS: What is fascinating about academic writing?
Prof. Chai: It is fascinating to see other researchers comment and critique my research findings, whether positively or negatively after they are published. One of the interesting aspects of academic writing is the ability to initiate a research topic with my own ideas and set the stage for other researchers to continue the investigation through subsequent studies. This interactive process not only advances knowledge but also stimulates ongoing dialogue and development within the academic community.
(by Brad Li, Alisa Lu)
Saad M. Alqahtani
Dr. Saad Alqahtani is an Associate Professor and Consultant in General, Breast & Endocrine Surgery. He established and became the Head of the Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia. He has recently been appointed as a board member of the Saudi Society of Breast and Endocrine Surgery. In 2012, he successfully achieved the Saudi Board in General Surgery Certification. Dr. Alqahtani held the position of a Breast and Endocrine Surgery Fellow at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre from January 2014 to December 2015. During this time, he also served as an Adjunct Assistant Professor at Al-Faisal University in Riyadh. He is known for his numerous oral presentations, posters, publications, clinical teaching, and community services. One of his main achievements was his authored book called “Parathyroid Diseases.” Moreover, his primary areas of research focus on endocrine surgery, specifically with an emphasis on the thyroid. The majority of his study focuses on cytological indeterminate thyroid nodules.
In Dr. Alqahtani’s view, a good academic paper is characterized by its novelty and its ability to bring about transformative changes in both local and global contexts. Furthermore, a strong academic paper should possess a well-defined research question or objective that establishes the framework for the study and delineates its purpose. In addition, the methodology should be thoroughly elucidated and the analysis should acknowledge and account for any potential biases and limits. Lastly, the data and outcomes should be presented in a clear and organized manner.
Dr. Alqahtani admits that preparing a scientific paper is a challenging task. On one hand, teamwork is the fundamental foundation for attaining success. On the other hand, every phase of a study should be thoroughly deliberated by all the team members.
“Writing a good academic paper is a time-consuming endeavour which requires enthusiasm and patience. Nevertheless, passion is the crucial element in attaining success and excellence in this pursuit,” says Dr. Alqahtani.
(by Sasa Zhu, Brad Li)
Wahida Chakari
Wahida Chakari is a fifth-year resident in plastic and reconstructive surgery at Odense University Hospital in Denmark. Early in her residency, she developed a keen interest in microsurgery, which led her to pursue a master’s degree in reconstructive microsurgery at Queen Mary University of London, UK. There, she gained a solid foundation in microsurgical techniques, theoretical knowledge, and expanded her professional network significantly. Throughout her residency, her research has included various aspects of plastic surgery. Recently, her focus has shifted towards microsurgery, with current and future projects centered on breast reconstruction and head and neck reconstruction. Connect with her on LinkedIn.
In Dr. Chakari’s view, a good academic paper must address a specific, well-defined research question that adds value to the field. The methodology should be detailed and replicable. This includes a clear description of the study design, participants, procedures, and statistical analyses. The discussion should be thorough, interpreting the findings, acknowledging limitations, and suggesting future research directions. Overall, the paper should be well-written, and ensure that complex ideas are communicated clearly and concisely.
From an author’s perspective, Dr. Chakari believes that it is important to follow reporting guidelines like PRISMA or CARE when preparing manuscripts. These guidelines provide a standardized framework that ensures consistency and comprehensiveness in reporting research, making it easier for readers and reviewers to understand and evaluate the study. Following these guidelines, from her point of view, can promote transparency in research methods and results, which is necessary for reproducibility and reliability of findings. Overall, these guidelines help maintain high standards in scientific writing.
“To all academic writers: your dedication and hard work drive scientific progress and improve patient care. Stay passionate, keep questioning, and continue pushing the boundaries of knowledge. Remember that your contributions are invaluable. Keep up the good work!” says Dr. Chakari.
(by Brad Li, Masaki Lo)
Kapil Rugnath
Dr. Kapil Rugnath is a General Surgeon based at King Edward VIII Hospital in Durban, South Africa. His medical degree (MBChB) was completed at the Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, in 2012. His specialty training (registrarship) commenced in 2017, after completing a mandatory year as a community service medical officer, and a subsequent year as a medical officer in general surgery. He competed the specialist board exams convened by the Colleges of Medicine of South Africa (CMSA) in 2021 and was subsequently admitted as a Fellow of the College of Surgeons of South Africa (FCS(SA)). Thereafter, he completed the Master of Medicine in Surgery degree (MMed(surg)) and is currently completing his PhD degree. His research areas are varied but all pertain to healthcare in low and middle-income regions.
From Dr. Rugnath’s view, medicine is a wonderfully dynamic field, constantly undergoing changes, continually growing and ever-evolving, and these all stem from research and academic writing. The indefatigable work and academic writings of peers in the field have culminated in the accepted gold standard of ‘evidence-based medicine’, allowing all clinicians to administer best-practice medical and surgical management. He mentions that this is particularly valuable in low- and middle-income regions. Clinicians in these areas often depend on academic writings from similar regions to help them navigate the challenging task of striving for the best evidence-based practice while dealing with significant resource constraints.
Dr. Rugnath believes an author of academic writing needs to be hard-working first and foremost. The task of endeavoring to produce relevant, high-quality research requires absolute dedication. In addition, the author needs to demonstrate intellect, evidenced by critical thought, and they need to have insight, evidenced by a global understanding of their field and the relevance of their research. Finally, patience is key to successfully producing meaningful research work.
“Being a clinician scientist hinges on the ability to execute perfect time management. After a long successful day/week of performing clinician duties, such as managing patients and operating, one needs to allow periods of rest, allowing them to reset mentally prior to embarking/continuing their research and writing. Work, research, rest, and life balance are imperative. Personally, with having an unrelenting passion for research and writing, finding the time, amidst clinical and other academic responsibilities, is an absolute pleasure. There’s endless motivation, bordering excitement, in managing to find any time possible to resume research. In terms of a set routine, I find it most effective to conduct my research/writing in the mornings between 5 am and 7 am, prior to any possible disruptions from a busy workday. It’s important to remember that life is dynamic, and if a day or week has been chaotic with no time to research/write, there is no need to despair. The chaos will eventually end, and your research can and will continue once it does,” says Dr. Rugnath.
(by Sasa Zhu, Brad Li)
Ehab S. Alameer
Dr. Ehab Alameer is a consultant general, endocrine, and head and neck surgeon. He currently serves as an academician at the Faculty of Medicine, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. He holds the American Board of Surgery certification and has completed fellowships in endocrine surgery (Tulane University) and advanced head and neck surgery (Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center). His primary research areas include thyroid and parathyroid disorders, head and neck cancers, and global surgery. He is also an active member of several professional organizations, including the American Head and Neck Society, the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), and the Saudi Society for Breast and Endocrine Surgery. His work is dedicated to advancing surgical practices and medical education in his region, and he is committed to improving patient outcomes through both clinical and academic endeavours.
In Dr. Alameer’s view, good academic writing should possess several key characteristics: originality, clarity, rigor, relevance, and impact. Originality ensures that the paper offers new perspectives or insights, while clarity is crucial for making complex ideas accessible to a broad audience. Rigor involves a thorough and systematic approach to research and analysis, ensuring the study's credibility and reliability. Relevance speaks to the paper's importance in addressing current issues or questions in the field, and its impact reflects its potential to influence future research or practice. The structure and presentation of an academic paper are also vital. A well-organized paper with a clear hypothesis, robust methodology, and coherent conclusions makes it easier for readers to follow and understand the research. Additionally, a good paper should make a meaningful contribution to existing knowledge, whether by offering new insights, challenging existing paradigms, or providing practical applications that can be used in clinical or academic settings. Finally, the role of peer review and adherence to ethical standards cannot be overstated. Peer review provides a critical assessment that helps ensure the quality and validity of the research. Adhering to ethical standards, including proper data handling and reporting, is essential for maintaining the integrity of the scientific process. Overall, a good academic paper should strive to excel in these areas, contributing valuable knowledge to the field and advancing scholarly discourse.
Dr. Alameer believes avoiding biases in academic writing is crucial for ensuring the integrity and validity of research. To minimize biases, researchers should start by being aware of their own potential biases, including cultural, gender, or confirmation biases, and actively work to recognize and address them. Incorporating a diverse range of perspectives and sources is essential. By considering various viewpoints and evidence, researchers can provide a more balanced and comprehensive analysis. Critical thinking and objectivity are key in interpreting data and drawing conclusions, as they help prevent the skewing of results due to personal or preconceived notions.
Peer review and feedback are invaluable in this process. Welcoming critiques from colleagues can help identify and correct biases that might not be apparent to the original researcher. Additionally, adhering to ethical standards in research and writing is fundamental. Ethical practices ensure that research is conducted and reported fairly and transparently, further reducing the risk of bias. Overall, a commitment to awareness, diverse sourcing, critical thinking, peer feedback, and ethical standards are essential strategies for avoiding biases and maintaining the credibility of academic work.
“To my fellow academic writers and researchers dedicated to advancing scientific progress, I would like to extend my heartfelt encouragement and appreciation. One of the most rewarding aspects of academic writing is the opportunity to address gaps in knowledge and contribute to global research collaborations. This drive to fill knowledge gaps and participate in collaborative efforts fuels innovation and progress in our fields. While challenges such as language barriers, statistical expertise, and limited research infrastructure can be daunting, they are not insurmountable. Embracing self-learning, seeking expert guidance, and managing time effectively can help overcome these obstacles and enhance the quality of your work. The role of academic writing in advancing science is profound. Your contributions push the boundaries of knowledge and drive your field forward. As you continue on this journey, remember to be keen observers, practice patience, and maintain honesty in your research. Finding supportive and collaborative networks can also accelerate your integration into the field and enrich your research experience. Your dedication and perseverance are vital in shaping the future of scientific inquiry. Keep pushing forward and remain committed to the pursuit of knowledge and excellence,” says Dr. Alameer.
(by Sasa Zhu, Brad Li)
Isobel Yeap
Dr. Isobel Yeap is a plastic and reconstructive surgery trainee from Sydney, Australia. Her interest in plastic surgery started during medical school. She completed her elective in plastic surgery and burns surgery at the Akademiska Sjukhuset in Uppsala, Sweden, where she was first exposed to microsurgery and free flap reconstruction. She has conducted research in breast-free flap reconstruction, including a systematic review of microsurgical outcomes in patients with factor V Leiden. Following this, she has published research in diverse areas such as melanoma, burns surgery, head and neck reconstruction, and lower limb reconstruction, including a recent review on the effectiveness of targeted muscle reinnervation following lower limb amputation. She is also a Clinical Lecturer at the University of Sydney, where she teaches communication skills.
Dr. Yeap points out a few difficulties that she constantly encounters in academic writing. First, it takes time and requires focus. This can be difficult to achieve during surgical training when doctors have other competing priorities. She tries to set aside blocks of time to work on research because she finds this to be more effective than doing a few hours here and there between other tasks. Moreover, academic writing can also feel frustrating at times when doctors feel that they cannot progress with a certain project, when they encounter setbacks, or when one of their submissions is rejected from a journal. During these times, it is important to try and stay positive. She adds that having an article rejected from a journal can be quite helpful because it yields feedback on new ways to improve the paper or suggests a different direction that may make the paper more relevant. It can also highlight areas of the literature that authors are not previously aware of.
Dr. Yeap believes a good protocol design and search strategy are the keys to finding the appropriate evidence for synthesis and analysis. She thinks if authors are systematic in their approach and follow published guidelines, such as the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews, they can survey most of the available evidence on a particular subject matter. When selecting which evidence is appropriate, it is better to have multiple authors reading through the papers. For instance, she also looks through the referenced papers for the most relevant papers. When looking for evidence, it is important to bear in mind publication bias. This was particularly relevant when authors were conducting a systematic review on microsurgical outcomes in factor V Leiden patients: patients who had negative outcomes were more likely to be featured in publications, so it was difficult to properly estimate the rate of complications.
“We chose GS to publish our article because it has a good mix of study types, including systematic reviews, retrospective cohort studies, and case reports. Even though they represent a low level of evidence, case reports are important because they allow us to innovate and question why we do things a certain way. Case reports are also helpful when researching rare conditions. Our article in GS was a case report combined with a literature review. We did not expect people to necessarily read our case report and change their practice, but we hope that through the publication of our case study and the surrounding literature review, we might stimulate discussion around the paradigm of autologous reconstruction in the ptotic breast,” says Dr. Yeap.
(by Sasa Zhu, Brad Li)
Kah Seng Khoo
Dr. Khoo Kah Seng, MBBS, MS, MRCS, is a general surgeon with a special interest in breast and endocrine surgery. He is currently based at the University of Malaya and the University Malaya Medical Centre in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. He is also a medical lecturer for the Undergraduate MBBS, Postgraduate Master of Surgery, and Nursing programs. He has been involved in research on breast cancer and several dilemmas in endocrine surgery. One of the interesting yet challenging aspects of academic writing is the ability to initiate a research topic with one's own ideas and to set the stage for mentees to continue the research.
From Dr. Seng’s perspective, the biggest difficulty he counters in academic writing is resources like human resource, financial resource and time. Academic writing often involves evidence synthesis. On selecting the appropriate evidence for synthesis and analysis, he highlights that researchers must identify clinically relevant topics and work on them, as clinically relevant evidence can change their routine and practice. Additionally, he stresses that it is important for authors to disclose Conflicts of Interests (COI) as sponsor research might lead to bias.
(by Brad Li, Masaki Lo)
Gudjon Leifur Gunnarsson
Dr. Gudjon Leifur Gunnarsson is a Consultant Plastic Surgeon and the Chief of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at Arendal Hospital Trust, Norway. He is an International Member of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, the Norwegian Association of Plastic Surgeons, and the Aesthetic Surgery Society. He is the Editorial Board Member of PRS Global Open. His main research area is breast and body contouring. He is currently working on a series of innovations in body contouring procedures that found the ABCs of topographic anatomy and reconstruction after massive weight loss and a study on Lipedema after MWL is around the corner.
GS: What do you regard as a good academic paper?
Dr. Gunnarsson: A good academic paper can range from a case report to a randomized controlled trial. Plastic Surgery is innovative surgery and ideas, and innovations make up most of my contributions to the specialty. They are opinionated and prone to flaws and fallacies. A growing trend towards systematic reviews and meta-analyses is a dangerous development due to the emergence of AI. A premature systematization halts natural evolution and leads to stagnation of surgical innovation. Negative findings are missing. I believe that if we can make a collection of data accessible, more case reports and complications that are now unreported might get published for accumulation. We need to emphasize quality above quantity and aspire to inspire.
GS: How to avoid biases in one’s writing?
Dr. Gunnarsson: Humans are biased by nature and the list of biases is expanding. The only way to stand a chance of avoiding biases is to be aware of them. When you practice what you preach, you may experience confirmation bias, which is a logical outcome. Your experience is the educated reasoning that fuels innovation. It is a force of creativity and not a bias if you manage to stay on track with academic objectivity. Aristotle is quoted saying “It is the mark of an educated mind to entertain a thought without accepting it.” You have to be critical and assume that you are wrong. Look for the flaws in your arguments and try not to favor your ideas. Stick to the core concept of your presentation and avoid sidetracks unless you are writing a review that is meant to provoke and inspire. We need to acknowledge that our minds act differently as individuals and as a group. They are two different entities prone to different fallacies. We succumb to mob mentality in academics as well. The predilection of breast implant plane is a good example of majority control. Our task is to stay aware of herd mentality biases that are threatening our independence as researchers and thinkers. Cancellation of individuals who do not conform is a real threat.
GS: Would you like to say a few words to encourage other academic writers who have been devoting themselves to advancing scientific progress?
Dr. Gunnarsson: Peer-review services are important to formulate and facilitate your critical view and independent academic growth. Always have mentors that you learn from and are not afraid to criticize you. Start small with case reports and series. Stay curious and think outside the box. Use the tools of academia wisely and remember that with every failure, you move closer to your goal. Assume you and others make mistakes and find the flaws in your arguments until you have narrowed them down to a principle.
(by Sasa Zhu, Brad Li)
Wonshik Han
Dr. Han received his MD and PhD degrees from the Seoul National University (SNU) College of Medicine, South Korea. He has started faculty appointment in SNU since 2004, and is now a tenured Professor of SNU. He is former Chief of Breast Care Center in Seoul National University Hospital. He is now the Chairman of Board of Directors of Korean Breast Cancer Society (2023-2025) and Global Breast Cancer Conference (GBCC). He is also a member of Board of Directors of The Korean Cancer Association and Korea Genome Organization. He has been devoted to both breast cancer patient care and research. He has published more than 400 original articles in peer-reviewed journals. His research interest includes breast cancer genomics, surgical techniques and their oncologic outcomes, and personalized treatment of breast cancer with new biomarkers. He is leading various ongoing multicenter trials in South Korea, such as PLATO and NAUTILUS.
According to Dr. Han, a good academic paper should be based on good research data. The study must address a novel or significant issue in the field to ensure its relevance and value. Clarity and logical flow are critical in scientific paper. Unnecessary information or unsupported speculation should be avoided.
Seeing the prevalence of data sharing in recent years, Dr. Han reckons that the practice ensures the reproducibility of results by allowing other researchers to replicate the study and validate its findings. This enhances the reliability and credibility of the work. Also, data sharing enables collaboration by providing other researchers with opportunities to build upon existing work, thereby accelerating scientific progress and innovation. Additionally, shared data allows for more efficient use of resources, preventing unnecessary duplication of efforts and maximizing the value of collected data.
(by Brad Li, Masaki Lo)
Adam Ofri, Mater Hospital, Australia
Dr. Adam Ofri is an academic breast surgeon at the Mater, North Shore Private and Bega Hospitals in New South Wales, Australia. He has always strived to be at the forefront of medical literature by starting research as a medical student and as a junior doctor completing his Master of Surgery. During his surgical training and Breast Surgical Fellowship, he maintained his academic pursuits by publishing and presenting multiple works nationally and internationally, while also completing his Master of Advanced Surgery in Breast Surgery. He has been awarded the Breast Cancer Trials Clinical Research Fellowship for 2023 & 2024. This funded fellowship has facilitated more comprehensive research including developing an International Randomised Control Trial and Australian Surgical Registry. For his efforts, he was awarded the prestigious John Collins Medal and Travel Grant in 2023 for his academic pursuits. He is a Senior Lecturer at the Universities of Sydney and Notre Dame and is a lecturer in the Breast Surgical Fellowship Program.
Dr. Ofri reckons a good academic paper starts with an intriguing hypothesis and quality data. It needs to be well thought out and simple in its design. But most importantly, the authors need to take the time to discuss their results and provide a logical structured flow in its interpretation. Having motivation and enthusiasm to explore new areas is pivotal to their progression in patient care and outcomes and understanding that quality research takes time is important.
In Dr. Ofri’s view, avoiding bias in writing is challenging. The key to a successful study lies in a well-considered design. It is important to focus on the study design, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and use objective appropriate outcome measures. It also helps to have colleagues from varied backgrounds reviewing one’s manuscript to ensure that there are no unintentional biases, be it in results or even the language used.
“I am a Breast Surgeon, fortunate to be in a field that supports and encourages research. Breast cancer outcomes have steadily increased, with incredibly high rates of overall survival and quality of life due to ongoing clinical research and trials. To those who spend their valuable time advancing scientific progress, I thank you. My patients thank you, as do their families. Research allows us to help many more patients than just the ones we can see. So to those who devote themselves to advancing scientific research, know that your efforts are helping so many more people than you can ever imagine,” says Dr. Ofri.
(by Sasa Zhu, Brad Li)
Claudio Angrigiani
Claudio Angrigiani, MD, is affiliated with the University of Buenos Aires Medical School. He is a member of the Argentinian Society of Plastic Surgery (SACPER) and a Member of the Argentinian Association of Aesthetic Surgery (AACE). He is also the corresponding member of ASPS and the Co-Director of the Oncoplasty Program at Hospital San Martin University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine.
From Dr. Angrigiani’s perspective, academic writing is crucial because it provides a structured way to share discoveries, insights, and knowledge across disciplines. It ensures that research findings are communicated in a precise, reliable, and reproducible manner, allowing others to evaluate, replicate, and build upon this work. By creating a permanent record of knowledge, academic writing facilitates progress in science, medicine, technology, and humanities. Additionally, it promotes transparency, accountability, and credibility in research, which are essential for establishing trust within the scientific community and society at large.
Dr. Angrigiani thinks that an effective academic author should have clarity of thought, analytical skills, and attention to detail. They need to be able to express complex ideas in a straightforward, concise manner to ensure the content is accessible and understandable to their intended audience. Critical thinking is essential for assessing data, recognizing biases, and presenting arguments objectively. Additionally, patience and perseverance are important, as academic writing often involves multiple drafts and revisions. Authors should also be open to feedback and willing to make adjustments to improve the rigor and clarity of their work, as this helps make their research more valuable to the academic community. Finally, it is of utmost importance to completely review the literature on the involved matter in order to avoid repetition of what has already been published.
“Balancing clinical or research responsibilities with writing can be challenging, but it’s manageable with a structured approach. Many scientists and doctors dedicate specific times each week solely for writing, even if only for short periods, which helps maintain steady progress. Breaking down the writing process into smaller tasks—like outlining, drafting sections, or editing—makes it more manageable amidst a busy schedule. Setting clear deadlines and prioritizing tasks also help maintain focus. Additionally, delegating non-essential tasks, using productivity tools, or collaborating with co-authors can reduce the workload, making it easier to find time for writing while managing other professional demands,” says Dr. Angrigiani.
(by Sasa Zhu, Brad Li)