Risk factors for high-volume lymph node metastases in cN0 papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
Original Article

Risk factors for high-volume lymph node metastases in cN0 papillary thyroid microcarcinoma

Chunhao Liu1#, Yuewu Liu1#, Lei Zhang2, Yunwei Dong3, Shenbao Hu4, Yu Xia5, Bo Zhang5, Yue Cao1, Ziwen Liu1, Ge Chen1, Zhonghua Shang6, Jinbao Yang7, Qinghe Sun8, Xiaoyi Li1

1Department of General Surgery, 2Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China;3Department of General Surgery, Xinzhou People’s Hospital, Xinzhou 034000, China;4Department of General Surgery, Jingmen First People’s Hospital, Jingmen 448000, China;5Department of Ultrasound, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China;6Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China;7Department of General Surgery, People’s Liberation Army Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050082, China;8Department of General Surgery, Cangzhou People’s Hospital, Cangzhou 061000, China

Contributions: (I) Conception and design: X Li, C Liu; (II) Administrative support: None; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: Y Liu, Y Dong, S Hu, Y Xia, B Zhang, Y Cao, Z Liu, G Chen, Z Shang, J Yang, Q Sun; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: C Liu, L Zhang; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: C Liu, Y Liu, L Zhang; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.

#These authors contributed equally to this work.

Correspondence to: Xiaoyi Li. General Surgery Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China. Email: li.xiaoyi@263.net.

Background: Lymph node metastasis (LNM) often occurs in clinical lymph node negative (cN0) papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). The risk factors for LNM, especially for high-volume LNM, were investigated in this study.

Methods: The medical records of 1,974 consecutive PTMC patients admitted to the Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) from 2013 to 2015 were reviewed. Their clinicopathological features were collected. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the risk factors for LNM/high-volume LNM.

Results: Of all the patients, cervical lymph node metastases were detected in 690 patients (34.95%), and high-volume LNM was detected in 75 patients (3.80%). The results of univariate analysis revealed that sex, age, chronic thyroiditis, multifocality, and tumor diameter were significantly correlated with LNM (P<0.05) and that sex, age, multifocality, and tumor diameter were significantly correlated with high-volume LNM (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that male sex [odds ratio (OR) =1.657, P<0.001], multifocality (OR =1.601, P<0.001), and tumor diameter >0.5 cm (OR =1.770, P<0.001) were independent risk factors for LNM; age of 40–59 years old (OR =0.427, P<0.001), age ≥60 years old (OR =0.291, P<0.001), and chronic thyroiditis (OR =0.562, P<0.001) were independent protective factors for LNM. For high-volume LNM, male sex (OR =2.250, P=0.002), tumor diameter >0.5 cm (OR =3.664, P=0.013) and multifocality (OR =2.034, P=0.004) were independent risk factors, whereas age ≥40 years old (OR =0.240, P<0.001) was an independent protective factor.

Conclusions: Lymph node metastases are common in cN0 PTMC, whereas high-volume LNM is rare. Active surveillance may be reasonable for patients with tumor diameter ≤0.5 cm, age ≥40 years old, female sex and isolated lesions.

Keywords: Clinical lymph node negative; high-volume lymph node metastases; papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC); risk factors

Submitted Jun 16, 2019. Accepted for publication Sep 27, 2019.

doi: 10.21037/gs.2019.10.04

Introduction

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common solid tumor of the thyroid gland, accounting for approximately 90% of all thyroid malignancies (1). In recent years, the incidence of PTC has rapidly increased, and it has become the most common malignant tumor in Korea (2). Of all PTCs, the increase in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) is most pronounced and constitutes half of all new cases. The overall prognosis of these patients is good, and long-term survival rates can reach greater than 99% (3-5).

Although the survival prognosis of PTMC is good, some patients still face the risk of recurrence during long-term survival. In the literature, the recurrence rates for patients with low-volume and high-volume lymph node metastasis (LNM) are approximately 5% and 20%, respectively (6). Therefore, the American Thyroid Association (ATA) updated the recurrence risk stratification in 2015 and defined high-volume LNM (>5 involved lymph nodes) as an intermediate risk factor for recurrence (7).

Among PTMCs identified by postoperative pathologic examination, LNM is common, and the proportion of LNM is up to 40% (8). However, preoperative ultrasound is not sufficiently sensitive to predict LNM in the central compartment of the neck (9). Therefore, a large number of cN0 patients may have LNM (10,11). Prophylactic neck dissection is always controversial in these patients. Those who do not advocate prophylactic neck dissection think that prophylactic neck dissection does not improve prognosis and increases complications (6); however, those who advocate prophylactic neck dissection think that it may alleviate local recurrence and help to assess the risk of recurrence (12-15). Therefore, identifying patients with high-risk LNM among cN0 PTMC patients, especially those with potential high-volume LNM, and providing reasonable treatment have important clinical value. In the past, cN0 PTMC studies focused on the risk factors for LNM, and few studies focused on the rate of and risk factors for high-volume LNM. The preliminary aim of this study is to evaluate the risk factors for cN0 PTMC patients with LNM, and the main aim is to evaluate the risk factors for high-volume LNM by analyzing the clinicopathological data of these patients.

Methods

Study population

This historical cohort study included a consecutive series of 1,974 PTMC patients (males: 442, females: 1,532) who underwent primary surgical treatment in the General Surgery Department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) from November 2013 to October 2015. The study was approved by the Ethics Committees of Peking Union Medical Hospital, and informed consent was obtained from all patients.

In this study, LNM of the neck was evaluated by ultrasonography. If the following signs were not observed, LNM was defined as cN0: cervical lymph node transverse/long diameter >0.5, corticomedullary demarcation was unclear or the medulla structure disappeared, microcalcification or cystic changes similar to the original foci, high echogenic mass within the cortex, abundant blood flow around the cortex or irregular blood flow (16).

Patients were included if they exhibited the following criteria: (I) newly diagnosed PTC of which the largest diameter was <1 cm; in cases of multifocal PTMCs, the size of the largest tumor was used; (II) met the cN0 diagnostic criteria; and (III) primary surgical treatment based on Chinese guidelines: lobectomy or near-total/total thyroidectomy with neck lymph node dissection (ipsilateral central compartment dissection for patients with malignant lesion(s) in one lobe/bilateral central compartment dissection for patients with bilateral malignant lesions). Patients were excluded based on the following criteria: (I) preoperatively confirmed cN1; (II) visiting for revision surgery; (III) not undergoing cervical lymph node dissection; and (IV) histologically confirmed non-PTC. The medical records of all included patients were reviewed to extract the following items: sex, age, chronic thyroiditis, capsule invasion, multifocality, and tumor diameter. The above items were analyzed to identify the risk factors for LNM/high-volume LNM. Patients were allocated to three groups (8,17): group A: 0–39 years old; group B: 40–59 years old; and group C: ≥60 years old. In multifocal cases, the size of the largest tumor was recorded for data analysis. The extent of central neck lymph node dissection was based on the 2009 ATA guidelines (18). The presence and number of metastatic lymph nodes were determined via surgical pathology. High-volume LNM was defined as >5 metastatic lymph nodes.

Statistical analysis

SPSS statistical software 22.0 (version 22.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for the statistical analyses. The differences between patients with and without LNM/high-volume LNM were examined using Fisher’s exact test or the χ2 test. Risk factors for LNM/high-volume LNM were identified by univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression models. Statistical significance was defined as P<0.05.

Results

Among all the patients, cervical lymph node metastases were detected in 690 patients (34.95%), and high-volume LNM was detected in 75 patients (3.80%). In the univariate analysis, compared with the parameters in the control group, male sex (45.93% vs. 31.79%, P<0.05), age <40 years old (<40 years old, 48.91%; 40–59 years old, 29.54%; ≥60 years old 22.66%, P<0.05), multifocality (41.79% vs. 31.77%, P<0.05), without chronic thyroiditis (38.20% vs. 25.05%, P<0.05), and tumor diameter >0.5 cm (37.70% vs. 24.19%, P<0.05) were significantly associated with LNM (Table 1). In the multivariate analysis, compared with young patients (group A), middle-age [odds ratio (OR) =0.427, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.347–0.526, group B] and elderly (OR =0.291, 95% CI: 0.185–0.459, group C) patients were independent protective factors for LNM. In contrast, male sex (OR =1.657, 95% CI: 1.319–2.082), multifocality (OR =1.601, 95% CI: 1.303–1.967), and tumor diameter >0.5 cm (OR =1.770, 95% CI: 1.362–2.299) were independent risk factors for LNM (Table 2).

Table 1
Table 1 Univariate analysis of risk factors for LNM and high-volume LNM in cN0 PTMC patients
Full table
Table 2
Table 2 Multivariate analysis of risk factors for LNM in cN0 PTMC patients
Full table

Furthermore, univariate analysis was performed for 75 patients with high-volume LNM and 1,899 patients without high-volume LNM. Compared with the parameters in the control group, male sex (6.79% vs. 2.94%, P<0.05), age <40 years old (age <40 years, 8.21%; age of 40–59 years old, 2.08%; age ≥60 years old, 0.00%, P<0.05), multifocality (5.58% vs. 2.97%, P<0.05) and tumor diameter >0.5 cm (4.51% vs. 1.00%, P<0.05) were significantly associated with high-volume LNM (Table 1). Multivariate analysis revealed that compared with young patients (group A), middle-age (OR =0.240, 95% CI: 0.146–0.393, group B) was an independent protective factor for high-volume LNM. In contrast, male sex (OR =2.250, 95% CI: 1.363–3.714), multifocality (OR =2.034, 95% CI: 1.258–3.289), and tumor diameter >0.5 cm (OR =3.664, 95% CI: 1.310–10.250) were independent risk factors for high-volume LNM (Table 3).

Table 3
Table 3 Multivariate analysis of risk factors for high-volume LNM in cN0 PTMC patients
Full table

Discussion

Neck ultrasound and CT are currently widely used for the screening of metastatic lymph nodes (19,20). Ultrasound offers advantages, including the ease of use and short operation time, and is superior to CT for lymph node microstructure recognition. Thus, ultrasound is recommended as the main technique for preoperative diagnosis. Due to the anatomical features of the neck, the accuracy of ultrasound in the diagnosis of central LNM is not satisfactory. In our previous study, we reported an LNM rate of 9.79% (120/1,226) based on preoperative ultrasonography, and the sensitivity of preoperative ultrasonography was 17.35% (76/438) for LNM. However, postoperative pathological findings revealed that the LNM rate was 35.73% (438/1,226) (9,21,22). Therefore, a significant proportion of cN0 patients have confirmed LNM after surgery. In this study, the LNM rate was 34.95% in patients with cN0 PTMC. Previous studies have demonstrated that male sex, tumor diameter, and age are independent risk factors for LNM in PTMC patients (23). Our study reconfirmed similar results: the LNM rates for age <40 years old, male sex, multifocality, and tumor diameter >0.5 cm were 48.91%, 45.93%, 41.79%, and 37.70%, respectively. These characteristics represent independent risk factors for cN0 PTMC patients with LNM. Therefore, LNM occurs in approximately 1/3 of cN0 PTMC patients. These results suggest that prophylactic central neck dissection has certain rationality for patients with high-risk factors for LNM, and some guidelines have also recommended routine prophylactic central neck dissection (24,25). The tumor stage and treatment strategies for these patients may change (26).

However, it is necessary to carefully consider the clinical significance of small metastatic lymph nodes (lesions that cannot be detected by preoperative ultrasonography) and their influence on survival or recurrence prognosis. Studies have demonstrated that the overall prognosis of PTMC is good. The long-term survival rate can reach greater than 99%. The local or regional recurrence rate is 2% to 6%, and the rate of distant metastases is only 1% to 2% (3-5). According to two studies from Korea and Australia, the lymph node dissection rates were 91.3% (n=2,018) and 21.7% (n=1,391), respectively, and the LNM rates were 34.1% and 3.2%, respectively. However, the 5- and 7-year recurrence rates were 3.2% and 0.6%, respectively, in the two studies (27,28). Thus, we can infer that small metastatic lymph nodes (that cannot be detected by preoperative ultrasonography) that may be missed in surgery without prophylactic neck dissection will not progress over a long period of time and have little significance in clinical practice. These metastatic lymph nodes may have limited prognostic impact in PTMC patients (29). In fact, a number of autopsy studies have reported that occult papillary carcinoma exists in 1% to 35.6% of “ordinary people” (average 11.5%), and 10% of this population has occult LNM (14). Therefore, PTC and its metastatic lesions may be present in the “normal population”, and these lesions may not threaten these individuals throughout their lives. In a study assessing the observation of low-risk PTMC patients who did not undergo immediate surgery, the incidence rates of the novel appearance of lymph-node metastases were 1.7% and 3.8% in 1,235 PTMC patients after 5 and 10 years, respectively (17), and these rates are similar to the high-volume LNM rate (3.80%) found in our study. Therefore, we may infer that high-volume LNM in cN0 PTMC has great clinical significance, and we should give priority and treatment to patients with high-volume LNM. Studies have demonstrated that the recurrence rate of patients with high-volume LNM is significantly increased compared with that of patients without high-volume LNM. The 2015 ATA guidelines also identified high-volume LNM as an important risk factor for recurrence risk stratification (6).

This study confirmed that male sex was an independent risk factor for high-volume LNM in patients with cN0 PTMC (OR =2.250, P=0.002), and older patients exhibited a reduced risk of high-volume LNM compared with younger patients (40–59 years old, OR =0.240, P<0.001); the high-volume LNM rates in males and patients <40, 40–59, and ≥60 years old were 6.79%, 8.21%, 2.08%, and 0, respectively. These results are similar to our previous research conclusions (8). Notably, age stratification in this study was verified as an effective means to predict the risk of LNM and high-volume LNM in cN0 PTMC patients. The treatment strategy for patients <40 years could be more aggressive in consideration of the highest LNM and high-volume LNM risk and the long-life span.

Also, tumor size is another risk factor for LNM and high-volume LNM that should be emphasized. The LNM and high-volume LNM rates of patients with tumor diameters ≤0.5 cm were only 24.2% and 1.0%, respectively (and in the >0.5 cm group were 37.7% and 4.5%, respectively), and multivariate analysis also revealed that the risks of LNM and high-volume LNM were significantly reduced compared with the >0.5 cm tumor group. The prognosis of patients with a tumor diameter ≤0.5 cm is significantly better than that of patients with a tumor >0.5 cm after treatment (28). Therefore, it may be reasonable and safe to observe ≤0.5 cm tumors and not to provide immediate surgery (30). Some studies have demonstrated that the total tumor diameter of multifocal lesions is positively correlated with the rate of lymph node metastases (31,32). This finding further suggests a relationship between tumor size and lymph node metastases. In this study, multifocality was also identified as an independent risk factor for LNM and high-volume LNM. Moreover, there are some difficulties in the evaluation of multifocal lesions during follow-up, and the evaluation of unifocal lesions is much easier in terms of observation.

Conclusions

In summary, lymph node metastases are common in cN0 PTMC, whereas high-volume LNM is rare. For younger patients, male patients, patients with tumors >0.5 cm and patients with multifocal lesions, the risks of LNM/high-volume LNM are significantly increased. Therefore, a deliberate treatment decision should be made after communicating with patients; once surgery is decided, prophylactic neck dissection should be considered. Although some studies indicate that prophylactic neck dissection may increase the risk of complications (6,33), prophylactic neck dissection performed by experienced surgeons does not increase the rate of complications and may also reduce recurrence and avoid reoperation (34-37). However, active surveillance may be more reasonable for patients with a tumor diameter ≤0.5 cm, age ≥40 years old, female sex and isolated lesions.

Acknowledgments

We thank all the patients who participated in this study.

Footnote

Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was approved by the Ethics Committees of Peking Union Medical Hospital (No. S-K889), and informed consent was obtained from all patients.

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Cite this article as: Liu C, Liu Y, Zhang L, Dong Y, Hu S, Xia Y, Zhang B, Cao Y, Liu Z, Chen G, Shang Z, Yang J, Sun Q, Li X. Risk factors for high-volume lymph node metastases in cN0 papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Gland Surg 2019;8(5):550-556. doi: 10.21037/gs.2019.10.04

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